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Gen. George Washington, Slave Owner/Segregationist, Banned Blacks in Continental Army After Their Successful Participation In Revolutionary War - RI8
posted Wednesday, 5 July 2006
Gen. George Washington,
Slave Owner/Segregationist,
Banned Blacks in Continental
Army After Their Successful
Participation In Revolutionary
War - RI8
- Washington & Lee
Transcribed by Tabacco
Edward Hermann, Narrator:
Washington is battling his own war of attrition. With the year about to come to an end, so will many enlistments. And short-timers will soon be leaving in droves. And now Congress is pushing him to let go of some of his most loyal soldiers: African-Americans.
From the very beginning, free Northern Blacks have been serving well the Patriot cause with the same concerns as their White compatriots.
Gary B. Nash, UCLA Historian:
There was no militia unit that didn’t have Black men. They were at Bunker Hill; they were at Concord and Lexington and everywhere else. But recruiting Black soldiers, that he had trouble with because the Continental Congress had trouble with it.
Hermann: Now that the army is a Continental army, not just a local Northern one, armed Blacks have created a loaded issue in Congress. Southern States are adamantly opposed to making soldiers out of them.
Washington is no different from any other Southern planter regarding Blacks. He sounds like the Southern slaveholder he is when he issues his order banning Black recruits.
Nash quoting Washington: “The rights of mankind and the freedom of America will have numbers sufficient to support them without resorting to such wretched assistance.” - George Washington
Tabacco: If you are Black, when either your children or grandchildren go to high school and study American history, make certain that those words are committed to memory by those children so that propagandists, praising the “Father of America”, George Washington, will not be able to deceive them the way you and I were deceived as adolescents and as adults.
Hermann: The great irony is that the one man closest to the General is a Black man, his slave Billy Lee. For the 7 years since Washington acquired him, Lee has been his master’s valet and constant companion. Washington calls him “my family”.
James O. Horton, George Washington University Historian:
Billy Lee was more than just a slave to George Washington; he was his personal slave. Billy Lee went with him every place.
Bruce Chadwick, Author, “George Washington’s War”:
If George Washington was the best horseman in Virginia, Billy Lee was the second best. He and Washington would horseback ride just about every day.
Horton: And so the two of them presented quite a picture; a picture that was noticed over and over by people at the time, who wrote about Washington and his male servant, Billy Lee.
Chadwick: You could say that Billy Lee in fact was a close friend of George Washington, even though he was a slave.
Virginia, November, 1775
Hermann: Washington and Congress’ decision to reject Black soldiers plays perfectly into the enemy’s hands. The Royal Governor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore, issues a Proclamation that welcomes Blacks to the British side.
“I do hereby declare all indentured servants, Negroes or others, that are able and willing to bear arms, free; they joining his Majesty’s troops as soon as may be.”
- Lord Dunmore
Hermann: The Dunmore Proclamation wreaks havoc throughout Virginia. Thousands of slaves flee their masters for this chance at freedom.
Horton: If you have the opportunity to throw in your lot with people, who are promising you a much better situation than you have had, you’d be silly not to take that promise seriously.
Chadwick: It was the best opportunity for freedom they had ever seen, and they never knew whether such an opportunity would ever present itself again.
Horton: You know Thomas Jefferson estimates that in Virginia alone 30,000 African- Americans walked off the plantation. Many of them became British soldiers.
Nash: For the British, this is wonderful. They’re not only sapping the colonial economy by depriving it of slave labor, but they’ve added to their fighting force.
Hermann: Free Blacks travel secretly from plantation to plantation to embolden slaves to escape. If they are caught, they risk death or torture.
While the fight for liberty in the South threatens to blow the slave culture apart, the approaching New Year threatens to dissolve Washington’s northern army.
William Lee, detail from painting below.
John Trumbull's 1780 painting George Washington also depicts William Lee.
William Lee (c. 1750–1828), also known as Billy Lee or Will Lee, was George Washington's personal servant and the only one of Washington's slaves freed outright by Washington in his will. Because he served by Washington's side throughout the American Revolutionary War and was sometimes depicted next to Washington in paintings, Lee was one of the most publicized African Americans of his time.
On 3 May 1768, George Washington purchased Lee, then a teenager described in Washington's account book as "Mulatto Will", from the estate of the late Colonel John Lee of Westmoreland County, Virginia for sixty-one pounds and fifteen shillings. William kept the surname "Lee" from this previous owner. Also purchased at this time was William's brother Frank, as well as two other slaves. Washington paid high prices for William and Frank, as they were to be household slaves rather than field laborers. Light-skinned mulattoes like William and Frank were often chosen to serve as domestic servants, who were given responsibilities and privileges most slaves never enjoyed. Frank became Washington's butler at Mount Vernon, while William served in a variety of roles, including Washington's valet or manservant. As valet, Lee performed chores such as brushing Washington's long hair and tying it behind his head.
Washington was a frequent foxhunter, and Lee became his huntsman (the person in charge of the hounds), a role that required expert horsemanship. In his memoirs, Washington's step-grandson George Washington Parke Custis described Lee during a hunt:
Will, the huntsman, better known in Revolutionary lore as Billy, rode a horse called Chinkling, a surprising leaper, and made very much like its rider, low, but sturdy, and of great bone and muscle. Will had but one order, which was to keep with the hounds; and, mounted on Chinkling ... this fearless horseman would rush, at full speed, through brake or tangled wood, in a style at which modern huntsmen would stand aghast.
This French engraving, circa 1780, shows General Washington holding the Declaration of Independence. The black man with the horse, though not identified, may represent Lee.
This French engraving, circa 1780, shows General Washington holding the Declaration of Independence. The black man with the horse, though not identified, may represent Lee.
Before the Revolutionary War, Lee often traveled with Washington to the House of Burgesses in Williamsburg, or on journeys such as a surveying expedition to the Ohio Valley in 1770 and to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia in 1774. Lee served at Washington's side throughout the eight years of the Revolutionary War, including the winter at Valley Forge and at the siege of Yorktown. According to historian Fritz Hirschfeld, Lee "rode alongside Washington in the thick of battle, ready to hand over to the general a spare horse or his telescope or whatever else might be needed...."
After the war
Lee's wife was Margaret Thomas Lee, a free African American from Philadelphia who had worked as a servant in Washington's headquarters during the war. Although slave marriages were not recognized by Virginia law, in 1784, at the couple's request, Washington tried to arrange having Margaret move to Mount Vernon to live with her husband. Whether or not she ever came to Mount Vernon is unknown.
In 1785, Lee injured a knee while on a surveying expedition with Washington. Three years later, while going to the post office in Alexandria, he fell and injured his other knee, rendering him seriously disabled. When Washington was elected president in 1789, Lee attempted to make the journey to New York City for the inauguration, but had to be left in Philadelphia for medical treatment. He was attended by several physicians, who made a steel brace for his knee that allowed him to join Washington in New York. Lee's disabilities prevented him from continuing his previous duties, however, and he spent the last years of his life as a shoemaker at Mount Vernon, struggling with alcoholism. Revolutionary War veterans who visited Mount Vernon often stopped to reminisce with Lee about the war.
When Washington died in 1799, he freed William Lee in his will, citing "his faithful services during the Revolutionary War". Lee was given a pension of thirty dollars a year for the rest of his life, and the option of remaining at Mount Vernon if he wanted. Lee was the only one of Washington's 124 slaves freed outright in his will; the remaining slaves owned by Washington were to be freed upon the death of Martha Washington. (Another 153 slaves living at Mount Vernon were the property of Martha's first husband's estate, and could not be freed by Washington.) Lee chose to live out the rest of his life at Mount Vernon, where he is buried.
"If Billy Lee had been a white man," wrote historian Fritz Hirschfeld, "he would have had an honored place in American history because of his close proximity to George Washington during the most exciting periods of his career. But because he was a black servant, a humble slave, he has been virtually ignored by both black and white historians and biographers."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lee_(valet)
William Lee: George Washington's Valet
For many years, William Lee, also known as Will or Billy, worked as George Washington's valet. He also served as the butler until his brother Frank took over the job. As Washington's valet, Billy looked after his master's clothes and probably powdered and curled his hair. He often picked up and dropped off mail at the post office in Alexandria. He accompanied Washington on foxhunts. He had a sturdy, athletic build and was a wonderful horseman.
This painting by Edward Savage includes a slave wearing the Washington livery, which was worn by Billy Lee.
During the American Revolution, Billy went to war with Washington and was put in charge of the General's most important papers. Two years after the war, Billy fell and broke one of his knees, which left him disabled. Several years later, he fell again and broke the other knee. The last accident made it impossible for him to continue his duties as a valet, and he thus became the Mount Vernon shoemaker.
During the Revolution, Billy was married to a free black woman named Margaret Thomas, who was hired to help at one of Washington's military headquarters. After the war, Billy asked the General to bring his wife to Virginia. Although Washington did not like her very much, he arranged for Margaret to live at Mount Vernon. Surviving records do not tell if she actually ever did come here, but Billy seems to have been single in 1799.
Although we do not know if Billy's wife ever lived at Mount Vernon, we do know that he had other family members on the estate. His brother, Frank, Billy’s replacement as Mansion House butler, was married to Lucy, a cook. Frank and Lucy had a least three children, who were named Mike, Phil, and Patty.
Washington made arrangements to free Billy in his will, providing him with food, clothing, and $30 dollars a year (a rather large sum at the time) for the rest of his life. As an old man, Billy was popular with visitors to Mount Vernon who wanted to meet him because he had known George Washington so well.
Billy Lee died about 1828 and is buried in the slave burial ground at Mount Vernon.
http://www.mountvernon.org/visit/plan/index.cfm/pid/211/
George Washington and Slavery
George Washington was born into a world in which slavery was accepted. He became a slave owner when his father died in 1743. At the age of eleven, he inherited ten slaves and 500 acres of land. When he began farming Mount Vernon eleven years later, at the age of 22, he had a work force of about 36 slaves. With his marriage to Martha Custis in 1759, 20 of her slaves came to Mount Vernon. After their marriage, Washington purchased even more slaves. The slave population also increased because the slaves were marrying and raising their own families. By 1799, when George Washington died, there were 316 slaves living on the estate.
The skilled and manual labor needed to run Mount Vernon was largely provided by slaves. Many of the working slaves were trained in crafts such as milling, coopering, blacksmithing, carpentry, and shoemaking. The others worked as house servants, boatmen, coachmen or field hands. Some female slaves were also taught skills, particularly spinning, weaving and sewing, while others worked as house servants or in the laundry, the dairy, or the kitchen. Many female slaves also worked in the fields. Almost three-quarters of the 184 working slaves at Mount Vernon worked in the fields, and of those, about 60% were women.
The workday for slaves was from sun-up to sundown, six days a week. Sunday was a day of rest.
Although George Washington was born into a world where slavery was accepted, his attitude toward slavery changed as he grew older. During the Revolution, as he and fellow patriots strove for liberty, Washington became increasingly conscious of the contradiction between this struggle and the system of slavery. By the time of his presidency, he seems to have believed that slavery was wrong and against the principles of the new nation.
As President, Washington did not lead a public fight against slavery, however, because he believed it would tear the new nation apart. Abolition had many opponents, especially in the South. Washington seems to have feared that if he took such a public stand, the southern states would withdraw from the Union (something they would do seventy years later, leading to the Civil War). He had worked too hard to build the country to risk tearing it apart.
Privately, however, Washington could -- and did -- lead by example. In his will, he arranged for all of the slaves he owned to be freed after the death of his wife, Martha. He also left instructions for the continued care and education of some of his former slaves, support and training for all of the children until they came of age, and continuing support for the elderly.
http://www.mountvernon.org/learn/meet_george/index.cfm/ss/101/
Washington married the widow Martha Dandridge Custis in 1759; they had no children together, but Washington adopted Martha's children John and Martha... Washington was land-rich but often cash-poor, and had to borrow money in order to get to his first inauguration... Washington had false teeth but, contrary to popular rumor, they were not made of wood. According to the Mount Vernon official site, Washington's dentures "were probably more uncomfortable than wood. They were made of cow's teeth, human teeth, and elephant ivory set in a lead base with springs that allowed him to open and close his mouth"... The story of Washington chopping down a cherry tree is also not true; it was invented by an early biographer of Washington, Parson Mason Weems.
http://www.answers.com/topic/george-washington
In 1981's 'Body Heat', Kathleen Turner said, "Knowledge is power".
T.A.B.A.C.C.O. (Truth About Business And Congressional Crimes Organization)
Slave Owner/Segregationist,
Banned Blacks in Continental
Army After Their Successful
Participation In Revolutionary
War - RI8
- Washington & Lee
The Revolution: “Rebellion To Revolution”
on the History Channel
on the History Channel
Transcribed by Tabacco
Edward Hermann, Narrator:
Washington is battling his own war of attrition. With the year about to come to an end, so will many enlistments. And short-timers will soon be leaving in droves. And now Congress is pushing him to let go of some of his most loyal soldiers: African-Americans.
From the very beginning, free Northern Blacks have been serving well the Patriot cause with the same concerns as their White compatriots.
Gary B. Nash, UCLA Historian:
There was no militia unit that didn’t have Black men. They were at Bunker Hill; they were at Concord and Lexington and everywhere else. But recruiting Black soldiers, that he had trouble with because the Continental Congress had trouble with it.
Hermann: Now that the army is a Continental army, not just a local Northern one, armed Blacks have created a loaded issue in Congress. Southern States are adamantly opposed to making soldiers out of them.
Washington is no different from any other Southern planter regarding Blacks. He sounds like the Southern slaveholder he is when he issues his order banning Black recruits.
Nash quoting Washington: “The rights of mankind and the freedom of America will have numbers sufficient to support them without resorting to such wretched assistance.” - George Washington
Tabacco: If you are Black, when either your children or grandchildren go to high school and study American history, make certain that those words are committed to memory by those children so that propagandists, praising the “Father of America”, George Washington, will not be able to deceive them the way you and I were deceived as adolescents and as adults.
Hermann: The great irony is that the one man closest to the General is a Black man, his slave Billy Lee. For the 7 years since Washington acquired him, Lee has been his master’s valet and constant companion. Washington calls him “my family”.
James O. Horton, George Washington University Historian:
Billy Lee was more than just a slave to George Washington; he was his personal slave. Billy Lee went with him every place.
Bruce Chadwick, Author, “George Washington’s War”:
If George Washington was the best horseman in Virginia, Billy Lee was the second best. He and Washington would horseback ride just about every day.
Horton: And so the two of them presented quite a picture; a picture that was noticed over and over by people at the time, who wrote about Washington and his male servant, Billy Lee.
Chadwick: You could say that Billy Lee in fact was a close friend of George Washington, even though he was a slave.
Virginia, November, 1775
Hermann: Washington and Congress’ decision to reject Black soldiers plays perfectly into the enemy’s hands. The Royal Governor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore, issues a Proclamation that welcomes Blacks to the British side.
“I do hereby declare all indentured servants, Negroes or others, that are able and willing to bear arms, free; they joining his Majesty’s troops as soon as may be.”
- Lord Dunmore
Hermann: The Dunmore Proclamation wreaks havoc throughout Virginia. Thousands of slaves flee their masters for this chance at freedom.
Horton: If you have the opportunity to throw in your lot with people, who are promising you a much better situation than you have had, you’d be silly not to take that promise seriously.
Chadwick: It was the best opportunity for freedom they had ever seen, and they never knew whether such an opportunity would ever present itself again.
Horton: You know Thomas Jefferson estimates that in Virginia alone 30,000 African- Americans walked off the plantation. Many of them became British soldiers.
Nash: For the British, this is wonderful. They’re not only sapping the colonial economy by depriving it of slave labor, but they’ve added to their fighting force.
Hermann: Free Blacks travel secretly from plantation to plantation to embolden slaves to escape. If they are caught, they risk death or torture.
While the fight for liberty in the South threatens to blow the slave culture apart, the approaching New Year threatens to dissolve Washington’s northern army.
William Lee, detail from painting below.
John Trumbull's 1780 painting George Washington also depicts William Lee.
William Lee (c. 1750–1828), also known as Billy Lee or Will Lee, was George Washington's personal servant and the only one of Washington's slaves freed outright by Washington in his will. Because he served by Washington's side throughout the American Revolutionary War and was sometimes depicted next to Washington in paintings, Lee was one of the most publicized African Americans of his time.
On 3 May 1768, George Washington purchased Lee, then a teenager described in Washington's account book as "Mulatto Will", from the estate of the late Colonel John Lee of Westmoreland County, Virginia for sixty-one pounds and fifteen shillings. William kept the surname "Lee" from this previous owner. Also purchased at this time was William's brother Frank, as well as two other slaves. Washington paid high prices for William and Frank, as they were to be household slaves rather than field laborers. Light-skinned mulattoes like William and Frank were often chosen to serve as domestic servants, who were given responsibilities and privileges most slaves never enjoyed. Frank became Washington's butler at Mount Vernon, while William served in a variety of roles, including Washington's valet or manservant. As valet, Lee performed chores such as brushing Washington's long hair and tying it behind his head.
Washington was a frequent foxhunter, and Lee became his huntsman (the person in charge of the hounds), a role that required expert horsemanship. In his memoirs, Washington's step-grandson George Washington Parke Custis described Lee during a hunt:
Will, the huntsman, better known in Revolutionary lore as Billy, rode a horse called Chinkling, a surprising leaper, and made very much like its rider, low, but sturdy, and of great bone and muscle. Will had but one order, which was to keep with the hounds; and, mounted on Chinkling ... this fearless horseman would rush, at full speed, through brake or tangled wood, in a style at which modern huntsmen would stand aghast.
This French engraving, circa 1780, shows General Washington holding the Declaration of Independence. The black man with the horse, though not identified, may represent Lee.
This French engraving, circa 1780, shows General Washington holding the Declaration of Independence. The black man with the horse, though not identified, may represent Lee.
Before the Revolutionary War, Lee often traveled with Washington to the House of Burgesses in Williamsburg, or on journeys such as a surveying expedition to the Ohio Valley in 1770 and to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia in 1774. Lee served at Washington's side throughout the eight years of the Revolutionary War, including the winter at Valley Forge and at the siege of Yorktown. According to historian Fritz Hirschfeld, Lee "rode alongside Washington in the thick of battle, ready to hand over to the general a spare horse or his telescope or whatever else might be needed...."
After the war
Lee's wife was Margaret Thomas Lee, a free African American from Philadelphia who had worked as a servant in Washington's headquarters during the war. Although slave marriages were not recognized by Virginia law, in 1784, at the couple's request, Washington tried to arrange having Margaret move to Mount Vernon to live with her husband. Whether or not she ever came to Mount Vernon is unknown.
In 1785, Lee injured a knee while on a surveying expedition with Washington. Three years later, while going to the post office in Alexandria, he fell and injured his other knee, rendering him seriously disabled. When Washington was elected president in 1789, Lee attempted to make the journey to New York City for the inauguration, but had to be left in Philadelphia for medical treatment. He was attended by several physicians, who made a steel brace for his knee that allowed him to join Washington in New York. Lee's disabilities prevented him from continuing his previous duties, however, and he spent the last years of his life as a shoemaker at Mount Vernon, struggling with alcoholism. Revolutionary War veterans who visited Mount Vernon often stopped to reminisce with Lee about the war.
When Washington died in 1799, he freed William Lee in his will, citing "his faithful services during the Revolutionary War". Lee was given a pension of thirty dollars a year for the rest of his life, and the option of remaining at Mount Vernon if he wanted. Lee was the only one of Washington's 124 slaves freed outright in his will; the remaining slaves owned by Washington were to be freed upon the death of Martha Washington. (Another 153 slaves living at Mount Vernon were the property of Martha's first husband's estate, and could not be freed by Washington.) Lee chose to live out the rest of his life at Mount Vernon, where he is buried.
"If Billy Lee had been a white man," wrote historian Fritz Hirschfeld, "he would have had an honored place in American history because of his close proximity to George Washington during the most exciting periods of his career. But because he was a black servant, a humble slave, he has been virtually ignored by both black and white historians and biographers."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lee_(valet)
William Lee: George Washington's Valet
For many years, William Lee, also known as Will or Billy, worked as George Washington's valet. He also served as the butler until his brother Frank took over the job. As Washington's valet, Billy looked after his master's clothes and probably powdered and curled his hair. He often picked up and dropped off mail at the post office in Alexandria. He accompanied Washington on foxhunts. He had a sturdy, athletic build and was a wonderful horseman.
This painting by Edward Savage includes a slave wearing the Washington livery, which was worn by Billy Lee.
During the American Revolution, Billy went to war with Washington and was put in charge of the General's most important papers. Two years after the war, Billy fell and broke one of his knees, which left him disabled. Several years later, he fell again and broke the other knee. The last accident made it impossible for him to continue his duties as a valet, and he thus became the Mount Vernon shoemaker.
During the Revolution, Billy was married to a free black woman named Margaret Thomas, who was hired to help at one of Washington's military headquarters. After the war, Billy asked the General to bring his wife to Virginia. Although Washington did not like her very much, he arranged for Margaret to live at Mount Vernon. Surviving records do not tell if she actually ever did come here, but Billy seems to have been single in 1799.
Although we do not know if Billy's wife ever lived at Mount Vernon, we do know that he had other family members on the estate. His brother, Frank, Billy’s replacement as Mansion House butler, was married to Lucy, a cook. Frank and Lucy had a least three children, who were named Mike, Phil, and Patty.
Washington made arrangements to free Billy in his will, providing him with food, clothing, and $30 dollars a year (a rather large sum at the time) for the rest of his life. As an old man, Billy was popular with visitors to Mount Vernon who wanted to meet him because he had known George Washington so well.
Billy Lee died about 1828 and is buried in the slave burial ground at Mount Vernon.
http://www.mountvernon.org/visit/plan/index.cfm/pid/211/
George Washington and Slavery
George Washington was born into a world in which slavery was accepted. He became a slave owner when his father died in 1743. At the age of eleven, he inherited ten slaves and 500 acres of land. When he began farming Mount Vernon eleven years later, at the age of 22, he had a work force of about 36 slaves. With his marriage to Martha Custis in 1759, 20 of her slaves came to Mount Vernon. After their marriage, Washington purchased even more slaves. The slave population also increased because the slaves were marrying and raising their own families. By 1799, when George Washington died, there were 316 slaves living on the estate.
The skilled and manual labor needed to run Mount Vernon was largely provided by slaves. Many of the working slaves were trained in crafts such as milling, coopering, blacksmithing, carpentry, and shoemaking. The others worked as house servants, boatmen, coachmen or field hands. Some female slaves were also taught skills, particularly spinning, weaving and sewing, while others worked as house servants or in the laundry, the dairy, or the kitchen. Many female slaves also worked in the fields. Almost three-quarters of the 184 working slaves at Mount Vernon worked in the fields, and of those, about 60% were women.
The workday for slaves was from sun-up to sundown, six days a week. Sunday was a day of rest.
Although George Washington was born into a world where slavery was accepted, his attitude toward slavery changed as he grew older. During the Revolution, as he and fellow patriots strove for liberty, Washington became increasingly conscious of the contradiction between this struggle and the system of slavery. By the time of his presidency, he seems to have believed that slavery was wrong and against the principles of the new nation.
As President, Washington did not lead a public fight against slavery, however, because he believed it would tear the new nation apart. Abolition had many opponents, especially in the South. Washington seems to have feared that if he took such a public stand, the southern states would withdraw from the Union (something they would do seventy years later, leading to the Civil War). He had worked too hard to build the country to risk tearing it apart.
Privately, however, Washington could -- and did -- lead by example. In his will, he arranged for all of the slaves he owned to be freed after the death of his wife, Martha. He also left instructions for the continued care and education of some of his former slaves, support and training for all of the children until they came of age, and continuing support for the elderly.
http://www.mountvernon.org/learn/meet_george/index.cfm/ss/101/
Washington married the widow Martha Dandridge Custis in 1759; they had no children together, but Washington adopted Martha's children John and Martha... Washington was land-rich but often cash-poor, and had to borrow money in order to get to his first inauguration... Washington had false teeth but, contrary to popular rumor, they were not made of wood. According to the Mount Vernon official site, Washington's dentures "were probably more uncomfortable than wood. They were made of cow's teeth, human teeth, and elephant ivory set in a lead base with springs that allowed him to open and close his mouth"... The story of Washington chopping down a cherry tree is also not true; it was invented by an early biographer of Washington, Parson Mason Weems.
http://www.answers.com/topic/george-washington
In 1981's 'Body Heat', Kathleen Turner said, "Knowledge is power".
T.A.B.A.C.C.O. (Truth About Business And Congressional Crimes Organization)
comments (2)
1. Eddie left...
Saturday, 14 June 2008 2:32 pm
Correction: George Washington had 10 slaves that escaped. 2 were black
and 8 were white. So, how many of his total slaves were black and how many
were white? Yes white slavery did occur and it occured before and during
black slavery until slavery was abolished.
2. Tabacco left...
Saturday, 14 June 2008 11:15 pm :: http://tabacco.blog-city.com/
CORRECTION, EDDIE: