Separatist, convinced that uniting blacks/Back-To-Africa was the only way to improve their condition, Garvey launched the Universal Negro Improvement and Conservation Association (UNIA) - African Communities League (ACL), becoming president.

Liberia: American Colonization Society established 1816 -to satisfy two diametrically opposed American groups. 1-philanthropists, clergy and abolitionists "cannot assimilate" 2-slave owners who feared free people of color. –Sound familiar?